In creating
jewellery, gemstones, coins, or other precious items are often used, and they
are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have
been encountered in jewellery - bronze, for example, was common in Roman times.
Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, palladium,
titanium or silver. Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an
alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats, indicated by a number
followed by the letter K. The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling
silver, or 92.5% fine silver. In costume jewellery, stainless steel findings
are sometimes used.
Other commonly used materials include glass, such as fused-glass or enamel; gothic punk
stud rivet, often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal
substances such as bone and ivory; natural clay; polymer clay; and even
plastics. Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that
has more of a natural feel. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will
cause an English Assay office (the building which gives Rivet
Collar Necklace its stamp of approval, the Hallmark) to destroy
the piece.
Beads are
frequently used in jewellery. These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal,
wood, shells, clay and polymer clay. Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses
necklaces, bracelets, earrings, belts and rings. Beads may be large or small,
the smallest type of beads used is known as seed beads, these are the beads
used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Another use of seed
beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings
to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Bead embroidery, a
popular type of handwork during the Victorian era is enjoying a renaissance in
modern jewellery making. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many
African cultures.
Advanced glass and glass bead making techniques by Murano and Venetian glass
masters developed crystalline glass, enameled glass (smalto), glass with
threads of gold (goldstone), multicolored glass (millefiori), milk-glass
(lattimo) and imitation gemstones made of glass. As early as the 13th century,
Murano glass and Murano beads were popular.
Silversmiths, goldsmiths, and lapidaries methods include forging, casting,
soldering or welding, cutting, carving and "cold-joining" (using
adhesives, staples and rivets to assemble parts).
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