The possibility of
tracing jewelry's historic itinerary derives primarily from the custom,
beginning with the most remote civilizations, of burying the dead with their
richest garments and ornaments. Plastic and pictorial iconography—painting,
sculpture, mosaic—also offer abundant testimony to the jewelry hollow
owl necklace worn in various eras.
It is probable that prehistoric humans thought of decorating the body before
they thought of making use of lovely glaze hollow owl anything that could
suggest clothing. Before precious metals were discovered, people who lived
along the seashore decorated themselves with a great variety of shells, fish
bones, fish teeth, and colored pebbles. People who lived inland used as
ornaments materials from the animals they had killed for food: reindeer
antlers, mammoth tusks, and all kinds of animal bones. After they had been transformed
from their natural state into various elaborate forms, these materials,
together with animal skins and bird feathers, provided sufficient decoration.
This era was
followed by one that saw a transition from a nomadic life to a settled social
order and the subsequent birth of the most ancient civilizations. Most peoples
settled along the banks of large rivers, which facilitated the development of
agriculture and animal husbandry. Indirectly, this also led to the discovery of
virginal alluvial deposits of minerals, first among which were gold and
precious stones.
Over the years the limited jewelry forms of prehistoric times multiplied until
they included ornaments for every part of the body. For the head there were
crowns, diadems, tiaras, hairpins, combs, earrings, nose rings, lip rings, and
earplugs. For the neck and torso there were necklaces, fibulae (the ancient
safety pin), brooches, pectorals (breastplates), stomachers, belts, and watch
fobs. For the arms and hands armlets, bracelets, and rings were fashioned. For
the thighs, legs, and feet craftsmen designed thigh bracelets, ankle bracelets,
toe rings, and shoe buckles.
Fashion necklace chains—generally made of gold, stones, or glazed
ceramic—are cylindrical, spherical, or in the shape of spindles or disks and
are nearly always used in alternating colors and forms in many rows. The
necklaces have two distinct main forms. One, called menat, was the exclusive
attribute of divinity and was therefore worn only by the pharaohs.
Tutankhamen's menat is a long necklace composed of many rows of beads in
different shapes and colors, with a pendant and with a decorated fastening that
hung down behind the shoulders. The other, much more widely used throughout the
whole period, was the use, which, like the vulture-shaped necklace from the
tomb of Tutankhamen, also has many rows and a semicircular form.
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